Difficult colonoscopy: air, carbon dioxide, or water insufflation?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to compare tolerance to air, carbon dioxide, or water insufflation in patients with anticipated difficult colonoscopy (young, thin, obese individuals, and patients with prior abdominal surgery or irradiation). METHODS: Patients with body mass index (BMI) less than 18 kg/m2 or more than 30 kg/m2, or who had undergone previous abdominal or pelvic surgeries were randomized to air, carbon dioxide, or water insufflation during colonoscopy. The primary endpoint was cecal intubation with mild pain (less than 5 on visual analogue scale [VAS]), without use of sedation. RESULTS: The primary end point was achieved in 32.7%, 43.8%, and 84.9% of cases with air, carbon dioxide and water insufflation (P 30 kg/m2.

Endoscopic Ultrasonography Can Prevent Unnecessary Diagnostic Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Even in Patients with High Likelihood of Choledocholithiasis and Inconclusive Ultrasonography: Results of a Prospective Study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the initial therapy recommended for patients with high likelihood of choledocholithiasis. To determine whether endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can prevent diagnostic ERCPs in patients with high probability of choledocholithiasis and inconclusive ultrasonography (US). METHODS: All patients with high likelihood of choledocholithiasis and negative US underwent EUS. ERCP was performed for the patients who showed a definite stone/sludge on EUS. Patients without choledocholithiasis were followed up for 3 months. The primary outcome was avoidance of diagnostic ERCP. RESULTS: We included 78 patients (51 women; 27 men). Of these, 25 and 7 (total 41%) were diagnosed with choledocholithiasis and sludge, respectively; stone/sludge was removed in 96.9% of the patients. EUS ruled out choledocholithiasis in 38 patients (48.7%). Two of them were found to have choledocholithiasis on follow-up. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of EUS for detecting choledocholithiasis were 93.9%, 97.3%, 96.9%, and 94.7%, respectively. Unnecessary ERCP was avoided in 57.7% of the patients by using the EUS-first approach. CONCLUSIONS: EUS is a highly accurate and safe procedure. EUS can replace ERCP as the initial investigation in patients with a high probability of choledocholithiasis. It avoids unnecessary ERCP; hence, decreasing related costs and complications.

The role of capsule endoscopy in etiological diagnosis and management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate the various etiologies, yields, and effects of capsule endoscopy (CE) on management and complications, along with follow up of patients with obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. METHODS: The study group of patients included those having obscure, overt, or occult GI bleeding. The findings were categorized as (A) obvious/definitive, (B) equivocal, or (C) negative. Any significant alteration in patient management post CE in the form of drug or surgical intervention was noted. RESULTS: Total patients included in the study were 68 (48 males and 20 females). The ratio of male:female was 2.4:1. The age ranged between 16 years to 77 years. Mean age for males was 62+/-14 years, for females 58+/-16 years. The total yield of CE with definitive lesions was in 44/68 (65.0%) of patients. In descending order (A) angiodysplasia 16/68 (23.53%), (B) Crohn's disease 10/68 (14.70%), (C) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy 8/68 (11.76%), (D) small bowel ulcers 4/68 (5.88%), (E) jejunal and ileal polyps 2/68 (2.94%), (F) intestinal lymphangiectasis 2/68 (2.94%), and (G) ileal hemangiomas 2/68 (2.94%) were followed. Equivocal findings 12/68 (17.65%) and negative study 12/68 (17.65%) was found. Complications in the form of capsule retention in the distal ileum were noted in 2/68 (2.94%) subjects. Statistically, there was a higher probability of finding the etiology if the CE was done during an episode of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: CE plays an important role in diagnosing etiologies of obscure GI bleeding. Its role in influencing the management outcome is vital.

Spectrum of chronic small bowel diarrhea with malabsorption in Indian subcontinent: is the trend really changing?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to document the recent etiological spectrum of chronic diarrhea with malabsorption and also to compare features that differentiate tropical sprue from parasitic infections, the two most common etiologies of malabsorption in the tropics. METHODS: We analyzed 203 consecutive patients with malabsorption. The etiological spectrum and factors that differentiated tropical sprue from parasitic infections were analyzed. RESULTS: The most common etiology was tropical sprue (n=98, 48.3%) followed by parasitic infections (n=25, 12.3%) and tuberculosis (n=22, 10.8%). Other causes were immunodeficiency (n=15, 7.3%; 12 with human immunodeficiency virus and 3 with hypogammaglobulinemia), celiac disease (n=11, 5.4%), Crohn's disease (n=11, 5.4%), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (n=11, 5.4%), hyperthyroidism (n=4, 1.9%), diabetic diarrhea (n=4, 1.9%), systemic lupus erythematosus (n=3, 1.4%), metastatic carcinoid (n=1, 0.5%) and Burkitt's lymphoma (n=1, 0.5%). On multivariate analysis, features that best differentiated tropical sprue from parasitic infections were larger stool volume (P=0.009), severe weight loss (P=0.02), knuckle hyperpigmentation (P=0.008), low serum B12 levels (P=0.05), high mean corpuscular volume (P=0.003), reduced height or scalloping of the duodenal folds on endoscopy (P=0.003) and villous atrophy on histology (P=0.04). Presence of upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms like bloating, nausea and vomiting predicted parasitic infections (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Tropical sprue and parasitic infections still dominate the spectrum of malabsorption in India. Severe symptoms and florid malabsorption indicate tropical sprue while the presence of upper GI symptoms indicates parasitic infections.

Fibroscan versus simple noninvasive screening tools in predicting fibrosis in high-risk nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients from Western India.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of Fibroscan versus noninvasive markers, i.e. nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) fibrosis score (NFS); Aspartate-aminotransferase (AST)/platelet ratio (APRI); and AST/Alanine-aminotransferase (AAR) as a screening tool in NAFLD patients with high risk of liver fibrosis. METHODS: This is a single-center study carried out in patients attending the outpatient department for dyspepsia and diagnosed with fatty liver on ultrasound. Liver biopsy was advised in diabetics, metabolic syndrome, body mass index >30 kg/m2, raised transaminases and hypothyroidism. Fibroscan, APRI, AAR and NFS were calculated. Area under the curve (AUROC), negative (NPV) and positive predictive values (PPV) were calculated for each diagnostic test. RESULTS: Of the 1500 patients screened, 110 with the above-described risk factors underwent liver biopsy (stage 3/4 fibrosis = 38). Diabetes predicted severe fibrosis (stage 3/4). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and AUROC for Fibroscan at value 12 kPa were 0.9, 0.8, 0.70, 0.93 and 0.91 respectively for predicting stage 3/4 fibrosis. With increase in severity of liver fibrosis there was stepwise increase in Fibroscan values (P=0.000038, Kruskal-Wallis test). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for AAR and NFS at cutoff of 1.5 and 0.676 were 0.8, 1.0, 1.0 and 0.92 and 0.8, 1.0, 1.0 and 0.92 respectively. CONCLUSION: Fibroscan, NFS and AAR are simple noninvasive markers of fibrosis that can be utilized as screening tools in patients with high risk for fibrosis to determine the need for biopsy. The cutoff of Fibroscan for stage 3/4 fibrosis was 12 kPa.

A Rare Case of Hypermobile Mesentery With Segmental Small Bowel Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis

Pneumatosis intestinalis is a rare condition that affects 0.03% of the population. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall and the submucosa and/or intestinal subserosa. It is usually a secondary finding caused by a wide variety of underlying gastrointestinal or extragastrointestinal diseases. Here, we present the case of a 47-year-old man who was referred to our gastroenterology department with a history suggestive of intermittent small bowel obstruction associated with abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated PCI of the small bowel. The mesentery and branches of the superior mesenteric artery and superior mesenteric vein were twisted with minimal pneumoperitoneum. Exploratory laparotomy was performed, and demonstrated segmental small bowel PCI secondary to hypermobile mesentery. The affected segment of the ileum was resected, and jejunoileal anastomosis was performed. Here, we report a rare case of segmental PCI probably due to repeated twisting of hypermobile mesentery. The clinical and imaging features of this disorder may mimic those of visceral perforation or bowel ischemia. PCI can be a cause of severe abdominal pain that may require surgical intervention.